Here is something I wrote a while back for Yvette as a possible article for the eZine that digs into this subject.
Selection Criteria, the keys to the Galleries
The back story of the journey to distinguish the missing visual principles:
A while back, I stumbled across 1x.com and was thrilled by the highly expressive images on the site. Being inspired, I set about picking out and polishing up a group of what I thought were my 10 best images in my portfolio to submit for curation. After a good long wait, nine of the ten were shot down. Wow. What a blow to my ego, but the far more maddening thing was that there weren't any explanations to help me learn and grow as an artist.
Trying to figure out what the missing criteria were drove me crazy. I searched around the site and elsewhere on the web to see if there were any criteria listed to explain what 1x was looking for that would provide a key to the galleries. Nothing, Nada. Zilch.
It became clear that my goal really was to figure out what makes an image "highly expressive". (Good, bad, right or wrong are not very useful judgments). So with no other better options, I started doing critiques in the critique section myself. Hundreds and hundreds of them; it became an obsession. I was determined to figure this out! I also studied thousands of images that did make it into the galleries here.
One of the things that was becoming apparent is how our minds work and what the implications are. First of all CONCEPTS occur in Language. Yet when we are out photographing, the visual/spatial part of our minds that manages capturing images has absolutely no language at all! Let that really sink in for a moment; it’s both a major disconnect and an opportunity. That in a nutshell explains why photographers struggle so hard to explain whatever it is that we do and why so many images don't have any conceptual basis. After critiquing for a good long while some concepts were emerging that could be refined into visual principles.
I. Visual Story
Most would probably say that capturing the beautiful, the interesting, moody/emotional images or the provocative is sufficient to be expressive. It may be personally satisfying but is that really sufficient on the global stage of the internet? I read a few years ago it was estimated that there were 68 Billion images a year posted on the web and it is rapidly increasing. If you do the math that was a mind-numbing 1,600 images a second, 24x7. The web is awash with beautiful, interesting and provocative images; sadly it’s the vast numbers of them that render them common and ordinary. An image needs something MORE to stand out and to hold our impatient attention spans. It becomes useful to go to Google images and type in the nature of an image. Sunset, Pier, Antelope Canyon, etc. Prepare to be humbled. It used to be that it was only daunting to shoot in Yosemite, the Grand Canyon and the Eifel Tower; then we knew our shots have already been taken a zillion times already.
Premise:
A Visual story is compelling and engaging; it’s like reading a book where the paragraphs weave a more developed and rich story to engage in. Most images we see are really only fragments and statements; they don’t rise to the level of being a complete sentence. (I have found that it is actually very powerfully to state what we see in some form of language to work out what we are trying to express in clear concepts before even taking our cameras out of the bag).
Definition:
A visual story is generated in the RELATIONSHIP between a primary subject and the context that holds it.
Without BOTH a clearly defined Primary subject and a rich Context (the environment) to hold it, a visual story will fizzle out. There are probably a lot more images without Primary Subjects than those that don’t have well defined contexts, but BOTH are needed. Many will insist that in Landscape Photography that the PLACE is the primary subject. Consider that the role of the place is to hold the primary subject, not to try and be it. If we capture just the PLACE then it is 100% context, and a then visual story can’t be generated because of the missing primary subject.
Where it gets really interesting is to then ask the exquisite question of what exactly makes something a powerfully expressive primary subject? Here’s my take on that:
• The most important distinction is that the composition needs to reinforce the primary subject and not compete with it. That requires a solid understanding of how our perceptions work.
• Perceptual Order. We perceive visual information in a set order as follows:
• We see the brightest areas first.
• Secondly se see edges of high contrast.
• Thirdly we see areas of bright, saturated color.
• Ideally a Primary subject wants to be the brightest object with the most edge contrast and with the strongest color. If there are other things that pull our eye away for the same reasons, then those other things become distractions and the primary subject struggles to maintain its status.
• The Primary Subject needs to dominate the image. That can be by relative size, area in the image, meaning or significance.
• A primary subject can be reinforced by comparing opposites. A more interesting small object can be a legitimate primary subject if it is contrasted by a less interesting bigger object. A primary subject will struggle if it is competing with other objects or if there is more than one object that is too similar in visual interest. To be a PRIMARY subject, it needs to be, well, primary or dominant.
• It needs to be clearly defined. Boldness counts; don’t be timid.
• Primary subjects have inherent meaning and significance. A leaf on the ground doesn't pass that test.
• People are unique in that we will automatically nominate them as the primary subjects in images.
• "That which is different" can be a primary subject. The danger is that if it isn't significant enough, it gets demoted to being a counterpoint.
For the record, I have shot more than my share of pretty landscapes that don’t have well defined primary subjects. This concept has caused me to rethink a lot of things that I previously held sacred and inviolate. For instance, why can’t a landscape have a person in it?
II. Expressive Coherence
Basically this is achieved when there are no distractions of any significance left; they have all been mitigated, managed or processed out. This is a hallmark of the images in the galleries here.
• A distraction is defined as anything that pulls our eye away from the primary subject that isn't part of the primary expression. That can be a bright spot, a high-contrast or colorful object in the background that demands that we go investigate. It can be an object that intersects the perimeter frame. Distractions are the biggest example of what erodes the expressive power of images.
• There is a coherent message that is clear and doesn’t have inconsistencies, incongruities, isn’t fighting itself and it isn't ambivalent (the opposite of being clear and taking a stand).
• The image has powerful meaning. It’s worth considering how we can express meaning. Most tend to want to reinforce meaning with more of the same. Actually that dilutes meaning. As an example, standing EXACTLY on the axis of symmetry to shoot a highly symmetrical building is a common habit. Meaning is more powerful when we compare opposites that define each other. We understand visual meaning by making comparisons. We understand age when contrasted against youth. A model’s curves and smooth skin is more viscerally understood when we place them against something rough and angular. To get bright we need to have darkness to define it. To express and even define symmetry, take an off-axis or asymmetric point of view.
III. Uniqueness and Originality
This is both the “Holy Grail” pursuit and the hallmark of 1x.com. It’s also without a doubt the most vexing, challenging and difficult filter there is to get a shot into the galleries. The following can be a personally challenging and even painful question to ask, but a very important one:
Is the image unique or is it an original interpretation of something that is not unique?
It is human nature to jump on the bandwagon and copy each other’s ideas, especially if it is something cool or popular. By definition, repeating variations of what everyone else is doing is the polar opposite of being unique. Being unique anymore is a daunting challenge with so many photographers with so many high-quality digital cameras.
Originality is interpretive. It plows fresh ground. It takes a stand and is never ambivalent. Ambivalence is the opposite of being interpretive. Being interpretive has a coherent message and is understood. Original images have something to express. Interpretation is what makes an artist and artist and it is the basis of creating highly expressive images. Without interpretation our cameras just document or copy what we point them at.