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Magazine
Revisiting Generative AI and Photography: Part 1 - Early prediction

Written By Yan Zhang
Published by Yvette Depaepe, the 10th of May 2024

"Machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do.” ~Herbert A. Simon (1965)

In July 2023, I attended in an AI research forum. An Amazon researcher introduced to us several AI projects currently undertaken at Amazon. During the event, we had lunch together. When she learned that I was also a photographer, she bluntly said to me: "Midjourney ended photography!"

Although I cannot agree with this statement, her words present the view of many professionals engaged in the cutting-edge research on generative AI. In this article, from the perspectives of both as an AI scientist and as a professional photographer, I try to thoroughly explore the profound impact that generative AI is having on traditional photography; and how we, as photographers, should face it to this challenge.

“On the mountain”. Generated on Midjourney, by Yan Zhang.

PART 1 - EARLY PREDICTION ABOUT AI

During the summer workshop at the Dartmouth College in 1956, a group of young American computer scienDsts led by John McCarthy (1927-2011) first proposed the term Artificial Intelligence (AI). This summer workshop was later recognized as a landmark historical event that established the field of artificial intelligence.

We know that in 1951, the world's first general-purpose electronic computer UNIVAC I was born in the United States; in 1953, IBM launched the world's first IBM 650 magnetic drum data-processing computer that could perform large-scale computations. It can be said that AI and computer science have almost completely synchronous development histories.

“A programmer 1950s”. Generated on Midjourney, by Yan Zhang.

Turing Test

When talking about AI, people usually point to robots, and those specific hardware or software systems that can perform near-human activities physically, cognitively, or both.

So, what is artificial intelligence in a fundamental sense? In 1950, the British mathematician Alan Turing (1912-1954) published the famous paper "Computing machines and intelligence" in the philosophy journal Mind. In this paper, Turing proposed an imitation game, which became known as the "Turing test," to demonstrate how machines could exhibit intelligent behaviour comparable to humans.

Turning test. Generated on Stable Diffusion, by Yan Zhang.

Let’s first explain what the Turing test is.

There are three subjects in the Turing test: a person, a computer, and a (human) interrogator. We assume that the computer is equipped with a program that can answer any question sent by the interrogator, and that neither the person nor the computer is visible to the interrogator. We can imagine that the person and the computer are in two separate rooms, and the interrogator is outside the two rooms, so the interrogator does not know which room has the person and which room has the computer.

The interrogator's job is to ask them any questions and then use their answers to determine which of the two is a person and which is a computer.

The questions posed by the interrogator and the answers received must be transmitted in an impersonal manner, such as being entered on a keyboard and displayed on monitors in two rooms through a connection. At the same time, we assume that the interrogator has no information about either party beyond that obtained in the Q&A.

During the test, the person must answer questions truthfully and try to convince the interrogator that he is indeed human; but the computer is programmed to "lie" in an attempt to convince the interrogator that it is human.

If, in a series of such tests, the interrogator is unable to identify the real human subject in any consistent way, the computer is deemed to have passed this test.


The Computer Program That Passes the Turing Test

The "Turing test" has always been regarded as the most fundamental interpretation of machine intelligence, that is, artificial intelligence: when a computer has the ability to make it impossible for humans to distinguish the difference between it and humans (cognitively), we say this computer has the same intelligence as humans.

In the 70 years since the Turing Test was proposed, AI researchers have been trying to design various computer programs that can pass the Turing Test. It wasn't until 2014 that the first recognized such program was actually developed.

On June 7, 2014, in the Turing Test Competition hosted by the University of Reading in the UK, a computer program called "Eugene Goostman" passed the Turing Test. In this competition, the program Goostman convinced 33% of the interrogators participating in the udging process to believe its self-description: a 13-year-old boy from Ukraine.

"In the 2014 Turing Test Competition, the program "Eugene Goostman" passed the Turing test: 33% of the interrogators believed that it was a 13-year-old boy from Ukraine." Generated on Midjourney, by Yan Zhang.

Here we explain why this 33% ratio is important. In his original paper "Computing machinery and intelligence", Turing also gave a famous prediction: that by the year 2000, computer programs will be advanced enough that the average interrogators will not exceed 70% chance of correctly guessing whether they were talking to a human or a machine.

Here, the organizers of the competition regard Turing's prediction as a criterion for a program to pass the Turing test, and interpret "no more than 70% chance" as requiring more than 30% of the interrogators to be "fooled" by the program.


Herbert A. Simon’s Prediction

From the late 1950s to the late 1960s, it was the first 10 years of AI's vigorous development. Scientists were full of confidence in AI. AI research based on formal logics led by John McCarthy has made important progress. The "Advice Taker" program he developed became the first common-sense reasoning system. In addition, the "General Problem Solver (GPS)" developed by the Carnegie Mellon University research group led by Herbert Simon (1916 - 2001) is a more widely used intelligent reasoning system.

These early AI research results greatly inspired most AI and computer scientists at the time. In 1965, Herbert Simon made a new AI prediction that was bolder and more specific than Turing's prediction in 1950:

"Machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do."

Although the AI development entered its long winter period from the mid-1970s, and Herbert Simon's unfulfilled prediction has been questioned, however, this prediction has a clear expression of the belief of most AI scientists: eventually machines will be able to do anything humans can do!

“An AI symposium in 1985. Researchers were having a heated debate on how AI should be developed.”
Generated on Midjourney, by Yan Zhang.


Mini AI knowledge:
John McCarthy (1927-2011) is known as one of the founders of AI, a former professor at Stanford University and a Turing Award winner. He has devoted his life to advocating formal logics based research methods in AI. In more than 20 years after 1980, the knowledge representation and reasoning he led became the mainstream of basic AI research, and some of the most important AI reasoning problems were able to obtain major results during this period.

Herbert A. Simon (1916 - 2001) is the only scientist who received both the Turing Award and the Nobel Prize (Economics), and is a former professor at Carnegie Mellon University. In the field of AI and computer science, in addition to his contributions to GPS, Simon also collaborated with Allen Newell (1927-1992, one of the collaborators of GPS and a winner of the Turing Award) to propose a theory that uses production rules to model human problem-solving behavior.


Part II: The Research and Development of Generative AI
will be published next Friday.

 

Write
From my point of view, photography will not die, even if many people will use AI to create photographic works in the future - I am even convinced that AI has already been used today for awarded photos here at 1x.com ... and all this unnoticed by the curators. I would like to leave aside the problems of AI in relation to copyright and the possibility of creating realistic photos for FakeNews - this will have to be regulated across national borders in the future. Nevertheless, I believe that we have to face up to the new medium, because it makes no sense to bury our heads in the sand, Vogel Strauss-style. Many photographers come straight out with holy water and would prefer to banish AI to a dark corner. But I don't think that's right, because AI also means progress in many ways and you can't stop it. Back to why photography will not die: Creating photos with AI is fun at first - I've already tried it out for myself privately. But creating a photo with a camera, where you sometimes have to go to a lot of trouble to capture the perfect moment, is much more satisfying, because you have created the photographic work yourself! Udo Dittmann
Results Contest - Playing with mirrors

by Yvette Depaepe
Published the 8th of May 2024

 

Looking fore something surreal?  'Playing with mirrors'... Since mirror shots have a high tendency of being casual and repetitive, telling a story with yours would be quite creative. Using many mirrors at once, broken or not, can take photographs to the next level, as you get to capture multiple reflections of the subject. 
The submissions were excellent and most creative.

The winners with the most votes are: 
1st place : Andy Bauer 
2nd place : Emine Basa  
3rd place : Lynn Grant 

Congratulations to the winners and honourable mentions and thanks to all the participants in the contest 'Playing with mirrors' 

 

The currently running theme is 'Self-portrait'
Don't settle for a quick selfie when creating a self-portrait. Part of establishing is showing people who you are. An audience that connects with an artist is more appreciative of his or her work. Since we human beings are visually oriented, a shot of yourself is one of the most important ways you can make yourself visible to others.

This contest will end on Sunday the 19th of May at midnight.
The sooner you upload your submission the more chance you have to gather the most votes.
If you haven't uploaded your photo yet, click here

Good luck to all the participants.

 

1st place by Andy Bauer
 
 
 
2nd place by Emine Basa
 
 
 
3rd place by Lynn Grant
 
 
 
HONOURABLE MENTIONS
 
by Martin Fleckenstein
 
 
 
by DDiArte
 
 
 
by Claudio Moretti
 
 
 
by Sharon Levy
 
 
 
by Nicolae Stefanel Rusu
 
 
 
by Louis-Philippe Provost
 
 
 
by Antonyus Bunjamin (Abe)
 
 
You can see the names of the TOP 50 here.  

The contests are open to everybody except to crew members.

Submitting images already published / awarded on 1x is allowed.

AI. GENERATED IMAGES ARE NOT ALLOWED.
 
Write
Missing Identity ...

by Marc Apers
Edited and published by Yvette Depaepe, the 6th of May 2024

 

'Gender Identity'

 


MISSING IDENTITY
...
is the title of my latest exhibition hold in Antwerpen - Ruimte 34 the first week of May.

 

 

 

All images have one thing in common: people everywhere are consciously or suggestively present in one way or another, but they are always as good as (individually) unrecognisable.
You therefore only get to see an object related to a person, a fragment, a contour, or a shadow of a figure, in any case, a person without a clear face and any form of eye contact.


The latter used to be indispensable for me, so my portfolio then also consisted of very penetrating and frontal portraits.

Gradually, however, I started to observe ore and more that people prefer not to come into the picture and would rather hide in fear. What is going on?
On the one hand, modern people are becoming oversaturated via social media with intrusive images that change very quickly, mainly to reassure each other or tot show how fantastic or how horrific it is... 
On the other hand, people do not want an intrusive portrait; it only remains with a 'selfie' or a 'Tik-Tok' reel.

 

One constantly switches between "'hiding oneself' and putting oneself in the spotlight... Just as I, psychologically and age-related (I'm 64 years old), develop integrity or despair...
As a photographer, however, I don't want to give in to the upheaval that goes on socially and individually.  By the way, true identity arises from doubt and not from the cloning of an image. My personality is currently typified by a roller-coaster of ever changing emotions: often joyful and candid and then lonely and closed, ambitious versus lazy, calm and then fearful, optimistic versus defeated, infected or uncontaminated in and by the corona pandemic, alive and well in these times referred to as 'borderline'.
I want to resist the growing discomfort by looking for a new typology within my visual language.
I am ambitious.  After all, a photographer, just like a painter or a writer, wants to be a conduit, a medium.  This is what I want to do in an aesthetically responsible way, namely, help the viewer look more attentively by focusing on details or the unfilled, and without wanting to lead him too much, providing a gateway to a seeing...


No real or perceived identity is fixed, but the viewer can ask questions, invent a story, give it an identity, and reflect on one's identity. 
Images are not reality, they are a gateway to reality, neither more nor less.

 

Here's a compilation of some images exposed recently.

 

'The Intruder'

 

 

'Looking for Blue Skies'
 
 
 
'Bathroom Stories'
 
 
 
'Bernardo'
 
 
 
'Only Shadows Remain'
 
 
 
'Silent Walk'
 
 
 
'Fading Memories'
 
 
 
'Dark Figure'
 
 
 
'Burning Flame'
 
 
 
'No Way Out'
 
 
 
'Shadow of a stranger'
 
 
 
'Summer Breeze'
 
 
 
'Excluded'
 
 
 
'The Future Looks Green'
 
 
 
'Emptiness Inside'
 
 
 
'Fading Figure'
Write
Great work with excellent collections!!
Many thanks my friend
Wonderful exhibiion, great collection and work! Thank you for sharing - and my very best compliments!
Glad you like it Heike, thanks a lot
Great project and idea, excellent images.
Many thanks Chris
A wonderful collection of conceptual Works!! Many best compliments and congrats)
Thank you so much Ustina
Great Works, wonderful exhibition. Well done!
Thanks a lot Per
Such a wonderful exhibition Marc! The omnipresence of people but without revealing their intimacy, suggesting but not telling the personal stories. Congrats!!
You have fully captured the message, which gives me great pleasure, thanks a lot Manuel!
A few typos ... corrected! Sorry Marc and many congratulations. Outstanding concept and strong images. Cheers, Yvette
Thanks again for visiting my exposition and appreciation Yvette
A splendid exhibition with content. Congratulations again, Marc.
Many thanks Eric!
Very interesting work and appropriate (right word?) for the current social trends. Raises a question, what will become of street photography?
Thanks a lot Francisco, i ask myself the same question
Featured exhibition 'Emotional close-up portraits'

by Yvette Depaepe
Published the 4th of May 2024

 

This months' featured exhibition is titled 'Emotional close-up portraits'  by Barbora Biñovcová .


Barbora quotes : I approach photography intuitively, often without a clear intention, focusing on close-up portraits to capture the pure emotions and essence of the individual, aiming to reveal the soul of the portrayed. Freckled models inspire me for their unique beauty, encouraging me to explore unusual perspectives.

My inspiration comes from everyday life, the objects I encounter, and the work of fellow photographers and artists. I analyze other artworks to understand what draws me in, aiming to incorporate similar elements in a new way into my own work.

 

I invite you to explore this intense inner view expressed in each of these exceptional portraits.
This exhibition which will be exposed on our opening page  / 
Gallery during the whole month of May 2024. 
Click here to see the entire exhibition:  [89] Emotional close-up portraits by Barbora Biňovcová (1x.com)

 

To trigger your curiousity, here is a small compilation of images out of this exhibition visualizing pure emotions.

 

'Eliska'
 
 
Untitled
 
 
'Marie'
 
 
'Musrooms'
 
 
'Sisters II'
Write
Great effects, like the moods and emotions.
Splendid portraits, emotional and storytelling!Congratulations and thank you for sharing, dear Barbora and dear Yvette!<3<3
Splendid portraits, emotional and storytelling!Congratulations and thank you for sharing, dear Barbora!<3
Exquisite work, emotional and captivating. Well done.
Great compositions ..
Krásne, a moc zaujímavé portréty, gratuluji Barbora... congratulations...
HJ Yang's journey: Patagonia Special Expedition

by Editor HJ Yang
Edited and published by Yvette Depaepe, the 1st of May 2024

 

Before  I finished the summer Alaska trip with Marc Adamus in 2019, he asked me if I would be interested in joining him for a special explorer expedition to Patagonia in 2022. He told me that that was his own trip and he would only bring in the people he knew and liked. He and his local guide still were in planning state, figuring out all logistics, mapping out the route and landing locations. So it would be complete new to him as well. Since I had excellent experience on the trip, I jumped on the challenge and agreed to join the special expedition in three years.

 

“Good morning, Patagonia!”

 

I arrived at Punta Arenas on April 26, 2022 and met Marc Adamus (marcadamus) and six guest photographers, Allen and Jasper from Oregon, Michael and Ale from Israel, Ayaz from UK, and Amit from Toronto. We left next morning with guide Alexander and drove three hours to Torres del Paine National Park, stayed at Pehoe Lodge in the Pehoe Lake inside the park for three nights. We shot at several locations in the park including night photographs.

Torres del Paine National Park (in Spanish: Parque Nacional Torres del Paine) encompasses mountains, glaciers, lakes, and rivers in southern Chilean Patagonia. The Cordillera del Paine is the centrepiece of the park. It lies in a transition area between the Magellanic subpolar forests and the Patagonian Steppes. The park is located 112 km (70 mi) north of Puerto Natales and 312 km (194 mi) north of Punta Arenas. The park borders Bernardo O'Higgins National Park to the west and the Los Glaciares National Park to the north in Argentina territory. Paine means "blue" in the native Tehuelche (Aonikenk) language, while Torres means “towers". It was established as a National Park in 1959.

In 2013, it measured approximately 181,414 hectares (700 sq mi). It is one of the largest and most visited parks in Chile. The Torres del Paine are the distinctive three granite peaks of the Paine mountain range or Paine Massif. From left to right they are known as Torre d'Agostini, Torre Central and Torre Monzino. They extend up to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) above sea level and are joined by the Cuernos del Paine. The area also boasts valleys, rivers such as the Paine, lakes, and glaciers. The well-known lakes include Grey, Pehoé, Nordenskiöld, and Sarmiento. The glaciers, including Grey, Pingo and Tyndall belong to the Southern Patagonia Ice Field.

 

“Reflection”

 

“Night in Torres del Paine”

 

“Torres del Paine”

 

“Autumn I”

 

“Autumn II”

 

“Autumn mountain”

 

"Lago Pehoe”

 

Our real special expedition journey started at Puerto Natales after the national park visit. Puerto Natales is the capital of both the commune of Natales and the prvince of Última Esperanza, one of the four provinces that make up the Magallanes and Antartica Chilena Region in the southernmost part of Chile. Puerto Natales is the only city in the province.[4] It is located 247 km (153 mi) northwest of Punta Arenas. It is the final passenger port of call for the Navimag ferry sailing from Puerto Montt into the Señoret Channel as well as the primary transit point for travellers to Torres del Paine National Park, Chile.

It is located at the opening of Última Esperanza Sound and was originally inhabited by the Kawésqar or Alacaluf people and the Aoniken or Tehuelche people. The first Europeans to visit the area where the city is located were the expeditionaries led by Juan Ladrillero, a Spanish explorer who was looking for the Strait of Magellan's western passage in 1557.

The city was formally founded under the government of Ramón Barros Luco on May 31, 1911. Nowadays, one of its most important industries is tourism although the cattle and aquaculture industries are also significant. While winds, colds and thin soils limit horticulture in Puerto Natales there is still a small-scale local produce of zucchini, cherry tomatoes, strawberries  cucumbers and carrots.

On April 30, we arrived at the Puerto Natales, boarded our chattered boat, called Exploerdor Patagonia II, met our leader guide and son of the ship owner, Chino. Marc and Chino would make all decisions for our journey as where and when we could land and camp. We also had ship captain, chef, Ping and two porters as well as our guide Alexander to help us for this special expedition, exploring the southern Chilean fjords and fjord-like channels where no one or only very few people even went.

The southern coast of Chile presents a large number of fjords and fjord-like channels from the latitudes of Cape Horn (55° S) to Reloncaví Estuary (42° S). Some fjords and channels are important navigable channels providing access to ports like Punta Arenas, Puerto Chacabuco and Puerto Natales. We made landing by zodiac and a small fast metal boat, which can take ice and small icebergs. Usually we went out in the morning and again afternoon. Sometime, we left in the morning and would not be back till 6pm for dinner. One day, we hiked from 11am to 6pm. From May 9 to 11, we camped three nights, first night on the iceberg beach and two nights on the shore of the Andrew fjord. Some night, we watched movies, one about aspen mountain climber Marc-Andre Leclerc and other one called Sugar Man about unknown musician from Detroit becoming famous in South Africa, but unknown outside South Africa due to the special situation during that time. All very inspiring. Our expedition finished on May 20.

Our most memorable moment came with our first camping outing. We were supposed to camping for three nights at a location no one had been on the river bank identified on the satellite map. We checked the weather forecast that showed fair weather for next few days. We left boat earlier morning with all stuff we need for camping. However, near our destination, we encountered an area with seven to ten feet high and thick bushes. Each of us had to fight to go through bushes and passed small creek with rush water.  After reached a river bank near our final destination, we found out that there were no way we could cross the river with all our camping stuff and reach our location. Our original location is out of reach for us without a boat. So we decided that we just stayed at the river bank and camping there. After a long hiking, we all exhausted and finally could settle down. After a brief rest, we crossed the river with only camera and took some photos and crew members were setup the tents. We had beef for dinner and setup the fire next to the river. We all had forgot what we had just experienced before reaching this location. We all had good time around the fire in the evening. Around the mid night, we all went to the tent for some sleep after the exhausted day. However, just before 3am in the morning, strong wind suddenly started and heavy rain followed. Since no one expected strong wind and heavy rain, our tents were not setup in the way that could sustain such weather. After one hour struggles to re-enforce our tents, we had to give up and took up our tents and hiking back to the mom boat far distance away in dark.

The rest of the trip was much better weather prediction wise. We stayed on the boat several days due to the rain, watching some movies in evenings. Marc made call if the weather condition was good, or not for landing. However, sometime, he would call landing, then ten minutes later he would call off. Some time, we had to almost walk on the top of bush or trees in order for reaching a location. During the trip every one’s shoes got wet and soaked, except mine. This hiking was the most difficult one for most of us.

Chef Ping did a amazing job. In his tiny kitchen he created a delicious meals every day and every dinner with desert. When we camping near the end of Andrew Fjord, he even made pizza for us. Every day, the meal was different. We were all amazed how he got so much different stuffs to make much a variety of meals for every single day. Life was wonderful in the boat. Every one really thoroughly enjoyed it.

 

'Evening in Patagonia Fjord – Two dolphins jump toward the three sisters peaks in evening hours'

One of my favourite photos for the trip is Evening in Chile Fjord- two dolphins jump toward the three sister mountain peak. After three day camping near the end of Andrew Fjord, we took small boat back to our mom boat in evening. We saw the calm water with reflection of snow mountain peaks and dolphins jump up from water. Kneeling down on the bottom of the small boat, I took this photo. It captured some essence of the place, calm deep water, high mountain peaks, and warm evening light with wildlife at the perfect place and moment. What harmony with nature! At this place and moment, you forgot every thing in the world, just enjoy what nature brings to you in total appreciation and gratitude. You just wish that time stop there and everything frozen at that moment. What a life! My creativity and artistically skill is definitely far from enough to capture the totality of the moment and my emotion. No artist could do that unfortunately. That is the reality of our artist’s life. Time like that, all we artists could do is enjoying the moment and forgetting your work.

 

'Magic view through iceberg'

 

 

“Raining Autumn”

 

“Deep in Fjords”

 

“Twilight”

 

“Reflection in deep Fjord”

 

“Morning peak”

 

“Autumn Reflection”

Write
Great images, excellent lighting and moods.
Spectacular, fascinating!
Fascinating images!
wonderful article and a fascinating collection of moody landscape images
I enjoyed reading your story HJ Yang and the photos are top class, wonderful work, accept my congratulations, and Yvette many thanks for publishing it.
Wonderful illustration and many interesting information!!!
Beautiful photographs, well planned .
Awesome images, and narrative!
great photos as well as narrative. I feel I just got back from Patagonia:)
What’s a nice work. Lovely pictures. Nice colouring and post processing.
STUNNING PLACES AND PICTURES!
Great series bringing new views no one but locals have ever probably seen before.
Increíble la capacidad de estas fotos de trasladarte hasta esos lugares, felicidades por tu viaje y gracias por compartir.
great photos and story - thanks!
Breathtaking journey, magic experience, I absolutely love the story.I just can imagine from the brilliant pictures the awe being surrounded by these landscapes.Congratulations, dear HJ, exquisite artwork, and thank you for sharing!And thank you dear Yvette!<3<3